hibis "three sites"

hibis   English - français 

  English - français


19 - GRAMMAIRE - GRAMMAR

Comme pour mon "notepad", j'ai regroupé un peu de tout au fil de l'eau ; il s'agit donc essentiellement de particularités et non d'une grammaire rappelant les règles de la langue ; on pourra néanmoins y trouver quelques rappels utiles.
Les phrases relevées enseignent généralement les cas un peu compliqués.

PRONONCIATION  -  cokney  -   PONCTUATION  -   QUESTIONS  -   FORMES  -  TOURNURES IDIOMATIQUES  -    LES TEMPS  -   LES HABITUDES  -   LA REPETITIONS (would..)  -   INVERSIONS  -   PHRASAL VERBS  -   PREPOSITIONS  -   SINGULIER  -   PLURIEL

MOT PAR MOT  de ALTHOUGH (bien que)  à   YET (déjà, encore)

PRONONCIATION : Le h aspiré est en réalité expiré (ce qui est tout de même plus facile); le th, le fameux ‘ze’ est prononcé en zézayant, la langue entre les dents.

le son ough est un véritable challenge, bon courage :  though (‘teuff’, si, mais) ; thought (‘thaut’, pensée) ; bough (‘bao’, branche, rameau), rough (‘rreuf’, rugueux) ; cough (‘côf’, toux) ; dough (‘dêuo’, pâte) ; plough (‘plao’, charrue, labour) ; hiccough (‘hhèqueup’, hoquet) ; thorough (‘feûrao’, approfondir) ; through (‘tfrou’, au travers, par) ;

le son augh : laugh (‘laf’, rire)

le "i" : parfois i, parfois aï, parfois è ou eû; les règles sont compliquées et il y a beaucoup d'exceptions ! sensitive (sènsitive); river (‘rriver’); high (‘hhaï’); fire (‘fêu’); finally (‘faïnelé’;) enquire (‘enquaïllre’, se renseigner) ; hiccough (‘hhèqueup’) ; stir (‘steur’, remuer, agiter)

io : biology (baïolodji");

ea : great (‘grèt’); threat (‘thrèt); dreadful (‘drèdfoul’); read, read, read (‘rrid’, ‘rrèd’, ‘rrèd’, lire, lu); vintage (‘vèntédge’, millésimé, ancien) ; Sean (‘tcheun’)

qu : quaint (‘qouint’, désuet) ; enquire (‘enquaïllre’)

o, ow : = ô, â ; policy ('pâlici’) ; shower (‘châoueû’) ; power ('pâoueû’)...

h "aspiré" : en réalité expiré, autrement vous vous étranglez !! donc soufflez votre haleine avec le aaa !!  de "happend"

lettres muettes :   a car (‘câêu’), chair (‘chèêu’), flower (‘flaouêu’), castle (‘casseul’), climb (‘claïm’), comb (‘coum’), hour (‘aoue’), knee (‘nii’), talk (‘tauk’), knife (‘naïfe’), listen (‘lisseun’); often (‘ofeun’), sandwhich (‘sénwitch’), wednesday (‘wènesday’), walk (‘wauk’),who (‘ouu’), whose (‘hhouse’), whom, whole, wrap (‘rrâpp’), write, wrong...  could (‘coud’) ; knee (‘nii’); know (‘noo’); answer (‘anseû’) ; sland (‘aïlénd’)

lettre rajoutée ; jean (djiin’) ; job (‘djob’) ; cheque (tchèq’)
ed = d ; ed = t ; looked (‘loukt’), ed = id ; lifted (‘liftid’)
s = z : le plus fréquent ; does ('deuz'), goes ('gueuz'), observe (‘obzeurve’) ; adds, adores, affords, hides, annoys, answers, arrives, borrows, combs, buys, describes, loves, opens, pays, owes, says, remembers, runs, orders, ..
s = s ; acts (‘actss’), asks, speaks, starts, wants, eats, drinks, looks, meets, shoots.
s= iz : le moins fréquent ; arranges (‘arrengiss’), attaches, brushes, changes, kisses, pushes, reaches, whishes..

cokney

Un langage en fait très imagé s'appuyant sur des jeux de mots, sonorités, vécu, imagination.

Voici quelques exemples pour en donner une idée : parlance (langage) ; trouble and strife (femme) ;  cheese and kisses (femme) ; rud-a-dub (Pub-"bières") ; pig's ear (bière) ; gold water (scotch-whisky) ; bees and honey (argent) ; gates of Rome (chez soi, logement, maison)

PONCTUATION

coma (virgule) ; semi-colon (point virgule); colon (deux points) ; in inverted commas "entre guillemets" ; point (point) ; exclamation mark (point d'exclamation; question mark (Point d'interrogation)

ABREVIATIONS

and so forth(etc) ; i.e (id est : c'est à dire); e.g (exampli gratia : par exemple)

gonna = going to; I am gonna have a.. she is gonna make them; wanna = you want to; 'Cos (because); nutting (nothing); nope (US : no); I'm outta here for good; gottem ! ; I gotta to..; lemme (have a go); ain't (is not, am not, has not); you ain't ever been to Nashville ? (n'avez vous jamais été à..);   he ain't gotta help



QUESTIONS-DEMANDES, formes usuelles.
    voir aussi  "demander",  "situer, se diriger",  "payer, magasins",  "restauration", "opinion"

where is the toilet ? (où sont les toilettes); who is this woman (qui est cette femme : là, ici) ; who is that woman (qui est cette femme : là-bas, ou absente, dont on parle); when did he discovered the.. (quand a-t-il découvert) ; why is it the innocents are always the victims ?  (pourquoi est-ce que les innocents..) ; why don't we go home/ get up early ? (et si nous rentrions, nous levions de nonne heure) ; why didn't he tell her ? (pourquoi ne lui a-t-il rien dit - à elle) ; why have the cars been put there ? what are you thinking about ? (à quoi pensez vous) ; shall we begin/ go to the ? (allons nous commencer : alller au..); shouldn't we finish ?
will one of you please inspect the car ? (est-ce que quelqu'un/ l'un de vous, veut bien s'il vous plait..)

sous-entendus  - suppression de that (que) -  
will you tell him (that) I am here ?  (voulez vous lui dire que je suis là :  -   suppression de for : how long  have you been waiting (au lieu de "for how long have you.. ; depuis combien de temps attendez vous) ; suppression de si avec inversion :   would you have been surprised,  had our will failed ? auriez vous été surpris si (supprimé) notre volonté avait manqué)

report de la préposition en fin de phrase - what's she scared of ? ; what the best country to live in ? (le meilleur pays pour y vivre) ; wasn't that the way you describe white women go out with ? (femmes blanches qui sortent avec..)
have you known each other long ? ;  where was she supposed to flight to ? ; where did you get this picture from ?
who is it by ? - (de qui est-ce : disque, œuvre..) ; who was "Alice Wonderland" written by ? ;  when is Helen coming ? (quand ..vient-elle)

Questions tag - (équivalent à notre "vous partez demain, n'est-ce pas") ;   cela peut être une demande de confirmation ou une vrai question. Voyons en anglais
: You won't go to manchester, will you ? - the day was very hot, wasn't it ? - they can speak english, can't they ? - you have got a pencil, haven't you ? - he is very shy, isn't it
you wouldn't know the area code, would you ? (vous ne connaîtriez pas le numéro de code régional ? )
(are donnera aren't etc. Les exemples montrent que si le début est négatif, le rappel final est positif et vice et versa.

Particularité - à la question ou semi décision suivante : "let's go and look after Diana", suivra toujours un "shall we" ?



argent, payer -  what does it cost ? ; how much is it ? (combien est-ce ?) ; what possible value could this study have ?  I've only got a £ 10 note

rendre/ demander un service - can I help you ? (que puis-je pour vous );  can I leave my bag with you ? (puis-je vous laisser (confier) mon sac : un instant, quand on doit s'absenter : toilettes ..)

durée, attente, c'est long - how long will you be ? (vous serez long, mettrez longtemps) ; have you been here long ? (vous êtes ici depuis longtemps) ; how long do we have to wait for.. ; how it's about time (enfin , c'est pas trop tôt)how long have you been waiting ? (depuis quand attendez vous, ("have" inclut le début de l'action) ; how long is it until we get to.. (dans combien de temps arrivons nous à)

quand  - when must she have breakfast ? (quand doit-elle) ;   when was the last time you were in Liverpool ? (quand étiez vous pour la dernière fois à) ; when have you last had a meal..? (quand avez vous mangé la dernière fois)
où est-elle/ peuvent-t-ils être -   where is she ?  ; where could they have gone ? (où ont ils pu partir) ; where could G and S be ? (où peuvent être G..) : over there I gess
que peuvent-ils bien faire - what can the people on the bank do

combien - how often do the children go to the..? (les enfants vont-ils souvent à) ; how much water is there in it (combien d'eau y a t-il dedans)
comment - comment avez vous fait/ pu ; how did he do that ? (comment a-t-il fait ça) ; how he'd do that ? ;   how could you have passed so close to (comment avez-vous pu passer si près) ; how else do you expect me to carry it ? ; how are they been used ? (qu'en font-ils) ; how'd you get there ? (comment étiez vous venu) : they let me use my car
how come you are so quiet today (comment se fait-il que)

n'y a-t-il pas eu - hasn't there been a time that you have left ? (n'y a-t-il pas eu un moment où vous êtes parti)
n'est-ce pas un..? - isn't that a dangerous house for you to live in (cette maison n'est-elle pas dangeureuse pour que y viviez)
avez vous déjà ?  - have you already had lunch ? (avez vous déjà déjeuné); have/ any of you/ been using my bike recently ? (est-ce que l'un de vous a pris/ utilisé..) ; have you had breakfast yet ? ; have you had your lunch yet ? (avez vous déjà déjeuné, mangé ?) ; have you done your homework yet ? (déjà fait votre ménage)
has she arrived/ finished yet ? : no she hasn't est-elle déjà arrivée/ a-t-elle déjà fini ,
pour qui ? - who does he work for ? (pour qui travaille-t-il)

prendriez vous votre.. - would you be having breakfast ? (prendriez vous le petit-déjeuner) ;
dois-je faire - do I have to pay the.. to do the..
devait-t-on? - did the food had been to be rationed
si vous deviez -  should this man really be president ? (cet homme doit-il réellement être) ; should you be eating that enormous cake ? (devez vous manger cet énorme gâteau) ; should you sign an order, ask us before.. (si vous deviez.., demandez  nous)
est-ce que?? - (what) does that mean..? (est-ce que ça signifie) ; does the steam is coming from the..? ; do they really reflect our needs ? (représentent-ils nos besoins)
qu'y a-t-il  comment se fait-il - how is it that just when you think.. (comment se fait-il que lorsque vous..)
qu'est-ce qui vous manque - what will you miss most ?
que voulez vous/ préférez vous - Hi ! what can I get you ? (que puis-je vous servir) : which one would you most like (lequel préférez vous) ? ;  is it all they had that would fit on ? (c'est tout ce qu'ils avaient de plus seyant/ à votre taille ?)
qu'auriez vous fait si - what would you have done, had he overtaken us ? (si il nous avait doublé)   
cela faisait .. qu'il avait - it had been days since he had seen the.. She and I had been seeing each other for about a year (nous nous étions rencontrés/vus, il y a environ un an)

cela aurait été mieux si.. it'd have been much better if you'd done them (cela aurait été bien mieux si vous les aviez faites); (auriez vous aimé les faire) would you have liked to do them ? I gathered that he had done this kind of thing before (j'en ai déduit qu'il avait fait ce genre de chose..)
ce que j'aurais pu faire : what I could have started/done ten years ago

comment c'est, c'était ; what is it like ? (comment c'est, est-ce) ; what was it like ? (comment c'était) ; what does the service is like ? ;   how did you find her, as a person to work with ? (comment est-elle, en tant que personne avec qui travailler)
who made/ did the.. (qui a fait le.. ?)who is it by ? (de qui est-ce : disque, œuvre..) ; who was "Alice Wonferland" written by ?

conductors in Auvergne refused to do training aimed at them working alone with the help of video.. (visant à les faire travailler seuls..)

divers ;  it's either $ 30 or $ 15 an hour ? (c'est 15 ou 30 $)

à, en, sur  - fait à la main :  made/cracked by hand (faits/ cassés à la main) ;
we were six of us to diner (au dîner) ; to go on foot (à pieds) ; with lots of people on board (à bord : avion, bateau, train); on horseback (à cheval) ; on scooterwe sailed on a cargo ship (sur un) ; to take a ride on a bus  (faire un trajet en bus) ; a car ride (un trajet en voiture); on a river boat carrying coal; we went on a boat trip (avons fait un voyage en bateau (avons navigué sur un cargo) ; on a flight (un vol ; dans un avion) ; BUT!! : in cars/ in train (en voiture/ train); last Autumn, I rode in the train (je voyageais en train ; to ride, rode, ridden); he was on the train ! (était dans le train)

- dizzy with sleeplessness (hagard, comateux d'insomnie)

you have got some explaining to do (vous devez nous donner quelques explications) ;



FORMES; TOURNURES IDIOMATIQUES

faits relatés :F An Ohio man who was taken hostage in a bank robbery has been offered a job by the bank because he stayed calm and helped bank staff foil the robber (un homme pris en hotage dans une banque a obtenu un emploi en raison de son calme et de son aide au pesonnel pour déjouer le voleur)

vous seriez,  seriez vous ... si, ... vous devriez ... devriez vous ... feriez vous ... conseil

would you be surprised if I told you that I was.. (seriez surpris si je vous disais)
suppression de if (si), surprenante formulation - you would have died, had your dog not warned us (vous seriez mort ("si" supprimé), avait votre chien pas alerté nous) ; what would you have done, had he overtaken us ? qu'auriez vous fait si il nous avait doublé
you should have made him come back with you (vous auriez dû le ramener)
I wouldn't surprise me if there were people in.. ;  you'd think we were in a.. (on se croirait dans un..) ; should you be eating that enormous cake ? ; (devez vous manger cet énorme gâteau) ; there is no reason why you should pay this fare (vous n'avez aucune raison de payez cette course);

inversions ; - I was giving my pet a bath (pour : "I was giving a bath to my pet" ! j'étais en train de baigner mon animal)she's given the industry a large boost ; Jack, give this poor man a penny (donne un penny à ce pauvre homme) ;
report en fin de phrase -  I can never get this medecine bottles open (je ne peux jamais parvenir à ouvrir ces flacons)there is nobody here to make friends with (il n'y a personne pour faire des amis) ; they made the girls pay ten francs (ont fait payer 10 F aux filles)

faire faire, faire payer ; -  he redecorated the house (he did it himself) - il l'a fait lui-même) ; BUT!! : he had the house redecorated (someone else did it - il l'a fait faire) ; they make us pay to visit a place they.. ; (ls nous ont fait payer pour..)
they will knowto make the robots work for them; to; ask the users and make them to talk (les faire parler..)

attendre après quelque chose.. - we are waiting for the room to be made up (nous attendons que la chambre soit prête) ; we are waiting for Sue to arrive ; after hours of waiting (d'attente)..
vous n'amincissez pas, vous savez - you are not getting any thinner you know you might start thinking about shaping up a little (devriez commencer à envisager de reprendre forme)

Il n'y a plus de - they haven't got anymore car (ils n'ont plus de voiture) ; there isn't much of inspiration to be drown from the streets of.. (les rues de.. ne m'inspirent pas)

..me fait réaliser combien j'ai de la chance de l'avoir.. ; - be with Paula that night made me aware of how lucky I am that..


non classé he was send for, he was paid attention to = he was taken care of.. (on a fait chercher, on s'est occupé de lui) ; the girl got up to help him find it (à le trouver, le chercher) ; he would ask me he would have entertain them ; il me demandait de les divertir : traduction "DeepL"

keep your hands in at something (ne pas lâcher le morceau/ du lest)

she was tired of my playing the wise uncle (wise= sage, avisé - (forme francisée : "elle était fatiguée - en avait assez - de me voir jouer l'oncle sage") ; I want to determine wether it can reduce costs.. while maintaining its.. (wether : si.. ou pas, dans quelle mesure..) ; why have I been prevented from making my journey ; I was given a totally freehand (j'avais toute liberté d'entreprendre)it is essential that the plant is built in rural area ; (essentiel que l'usine soit - "est" en anglais - construite en zone rurale.) : generally, we don't have much time for just being together (avons très peu de temps pour être ensemble)

if the women in Belgium were asked where in Europe she thought she would get the best deal at work.. ; (si l'on demandait aux femmes belges où en Europe, elle pensaient trouver le meilleur accord de travail.. :

...who is not given long to live (qui n'a pas longtemps à vivre) ; an Afghan guerrilla ask to kill him to keep him from being captured (a demandé qu'on le tue pour ne pas être capturé)

how long can people live on promise as a substitute for bread ? (vivre de promesses comme substitut de pain) ; I never thaught it would be used on..; : I thaught those were the ones you wanted (j'ai cru que c'était ça que tu voulais) ; they knew that it was not going to be on (ça n'était pas le moment) ; I'll have to give it a miss this time (ce sera pour une autre fois) ;

there has been a disturbing question (embarrassante): "how high up / did the decision go, / to ignore United States laws" (jusqu'où sont remontées les décisions d'ignorer les lois).

S V O (subject, verb, object) ;  how - were there in ?



LES TEMPS

PASSE.  Quelques formes particulières :  
1/ Veronica went to the shop (moment précis connu) ;
2/ have you ever been to..? (avez vous été à.. lieu, ville : un jour, une fois) :

3/ I stayed in the hospital for three months (j'y suis resté trois mois mais je suis rentré maintenant), DIFFERENT DE : I have stayed in the hospital since.. (j'y suis encore : suite voir "1 bases", PASSE-PRESENT)

I have not seen him since the.. ; je ne l'ai pas vu depuis..) ; who would have thought that America's largest.. (qui aurait pensé que le plus..) ; I spent much less time with her than I would have if I had stayed in the UK (j'ai passé bien moins de temps avec elle que j'aurais eu si j'étais resté au UK)

PRESENT  voir "1 bases"

FUTUR.   Quelques formes particulières :
1/ - we will have.. (auront prochainement) ou encore :  after three years again without penalties, I will be given (j'obtiendrai..)
2/ - in a few weeks, I am going to England to be a bridemaid (soit le présent - "je vais à" - que l'on corrige par le futur, "vais aller à")
3/ - when we are in Paris, I'll go to.. (littéralement, "quand nous sommes" corrigé par "serons", j'irai à..)
xy formalities to be simplified (formalités doivent être simplifiées) : these formalities are being simplified from decembre (seront simpliées)

so, you will be ringing Carol in the morning ? (c'est sûr et prévu) ; will you be finished ? (allez vous/aurez vous bientôt fini) - suite voir "1 bases", FUTUR



CONDITIONNEL. if I were.., I would.. - I will go.., if I have.. - will you.., if we give.. - if he runs, he'll (will) catch the bus - if I had.., I shall.. - if she hadn't.., we could have..

if I were younger, I'd reply..; if I were to write.. (si je devais écrire); I will go there if I have time; will you get on the moon if we give you.. ; I wouldn't have fallen if I hadn't tripped over the.. (je ne serais as tombé si je n'avais pas trébuché sur.. ; you couldn't get any other work done if you had to involve yourself in..(vous ne pourriez pas faire d'autre travail si vous deviez vous impliquer..); if he ran he would catch the train (s'il courait, il prendrait le train) ; if I had the qualifications, I'll certainly reply for the job si j'avais les qualifications, je répondrai certainement pour le.. ; if you'll programme it, I will be very gratefull ; if you touch the fire, you'll burn yourself ; if I see him, I'll ask (si je le vois, je demanderai ; if she hadn't noticed it, we could have lost the order ; if they haven't got the shuttle out, we would have had a.. ; you'd blister your fingers if you didn't wear arbestos gloves vous vous brûleriez les doigts si vous ne portiez pas de gants d'amiante ; if I lives on that tropical island, I would.. ; if only I could, I surely would (chanson des Beattles, si seulement je pouvais, je le ferais certainement) ; if you ordered a pint you would be lucky if you saw it in half an hour ; I wouldn't have come to work if I had a cold like that ; I wouldn't surprise me if there were people living inside

if you feel better, you can get up; if you haven't got a ticket, you can't see the game; you can't see the game unless you have got a ticket; I knew if I did that, he would die

SUBJONCTIF - he caught the train though he was late (bien qu'il fût en retard) ; I am afraid it rains (je crains qu'il ne pleuve) ; I don't want him to come (je ne veux pas qu'il vienne); it's time we left (il est temps que nous partions) ; I wish you were here (j'aimerais que tu sois là) ; it is necessary that he go (il faut qu'il parte); I was afraid you were going to..; I was hoping you would ask (j'espérais que vous demanderiez); unless one is bound on the north (à moins que l'on ne soit limité au nord)


J'AURAIS SOUHAITE/ préféré, voulu avoir, REGRETS  ;  would rather,  I wish I had, they wish they could, I regret not having,
if only I hadn't
I still would rather have gone to.. (je préfère toujours, j'aurais toujours préféré aller) ; I would have liked to do.. (j'aurais aimé) ; I wish I had an umbrella

he stresses his wish to live out.. (wish=souhait) ; those wishing to participate in the exhibition, please contact.. ; they wish they could escape it ; I wish I had my umbrella (je regrette de ne pas avoir, j'aurais aimé, souhaité l'avoir) ; I wish I was at home; I wish I could pat him; I wish they weren't so many people (it's crowded); I wish I didn't have to work (but I have to work!)

he would wish to be  ; I regret having come this way ; I regret not having taken another direction ; if only I hadn'tcome this way ; if only I had waiteda few more days



LES HABITUDES, LA REPETITIONS (would..)

used to: (passé révolu) : what used to be called "Eskimo".. (ce que l'on appelait) ; be used to + (ing): (accoutumance actuelle)

habits ; ways ; they talk about their habits and routines, likes and dislikes..; work habits (habitudes de travail) ; to pick up a habit/ to get into a bad habit (prendre une habitude)

- je m'habitue ; I'm getting used to it (je m'habitue) ; one get used to (on s'habitue); you'll get used to drink/ drinking tea (vous vous habituerez) ; he is not used to drinking tea ; I have grown (grew, grown) accustomed to (je me suis habitué) ; the way of the life they were used to (auquel ils s'étaient habitués) ; he has settled down in his new job (s'est habitué, s'est adapté)

j'ai l'habitude : I am used to smoking/ going..; he was long used to it (il s'y était habitué depuis longtemps)

- j'avais l'habitude de I used to smoke a cigar..; I didn'tuse to be..; we used to drink tea : used to (exprime ici une interruption ou regrêt) ; we used to leave in B..; I am used to large roads; ; you used to be a catholic ? (jadis vous étiez catholique ?); we never used to go out all the time, usen't we?

he couldn't get rid of the habit (se débarrasser de son habitude)

- Formes WOULD et WILL (mostly written form) : he would stop here every day (s'arrêtait ici tous les jours) ; I would smoke a cigar (je fumais habituellement) ; we would look at television most nights of the week ; he will make stupid remarks ; so, when they would come, we would have a game (quand ils arrivaient, nous..) ; we would start chasing if the.. happened to come (nous partions chasser si le..)

- vocabulaire - to be in a rut/ to get into a rut (rut=ornière, rut ; ici, être/ devenir routinier, s'encroûter) ; to break/ to get out of a habit (perdre l'habitude) ; it was difficultto curb the habit (modifier, corriger l'habitude)

as is customary, towels mut be.. (selon l'usage, l'habitude, les serviettes doivent être..) ; I am a regular (un habitué: des lieux, d'un service) ; it's common (c'est courant)

..and yearn for after a pint of Guiness (je me languis, jaspire, j'ai la nostalgie)



INVERSIONS, PREPOSITIONS, PHRASAL VERBS, SINGULIER-PLURIEL

Should you stay in bed.. devriez vous rester.. = si vous deviez rester au lit
I was once asked, would I play the piano.. ;

NEITHER.., NOR.., ("ni..ni.." ou "non plus") - neither can John, nor can Mary ; neither did she speak to me (elle ne m'a pas non plus parlé - traduction "DeepL")

BAD CORRECT
she left quickly the room she left the room quickly
she sings beautiful she sings beautifully
at no time she said that.. at no time did she say that..
no once they invited me not once did they invite me
never I had felt so tired never; have I felt so tired
in no circumstances they in no circumstances are they
are to smoke here to smoke here
only if she asks, I will help her only if she asks, will I help her

PHRASAL VERBS

are made up of a verb + adverb particle :

bring out - do up - put off

the verbs are mainly : one-syllable ones, irregular ones (run, set, bring, come..)

the particles are words like in, out, up, down, about, for.

forms

he put the light out or he put out the light

put on your hat or put your hat on; BUT ! : he put it out; he take them off

to cut (couper); to cut off (sectionner); En fait c'est très souvent l'adverbe qui décrit l'action et le verbe qui précise la manière dont elle est faite ; to walk away (s'éloigner : en marchant); to run away (s'enfuir); to drive away (partir : en voiture); to ride away (partir : à bicyclette);

Les principaux adverbes utilisés de cette manière sont : away (idée d'éloignement), off (rupture), on (continuation), out (sortie, résultat obtenu), over (répétition), up (montée, achèvement); Ex : switch on, off : allumez, éteignez l'électricité) ; go on (continuez) ; read it over (relisez le) ; I'll think it out (j'y réfléchirai) ; eat it up (mangez tout)

PREPOSITIONS

at (à) ; to (vers) ; of (de) ; from (de) ; out of (hors de) ; in (dans) ; into (dedans) ; on, upon (sur) ; over (par dessus) ; above (au-dessus) ; by (par) ; for (pour) ; without (sans) ; towards (vers) ; about (autour, environ)

La préposition peut être rejetée en fin : the man (whom) I spoke to

Le verbe qui suit une préposition se met à la forme ING; without speaking ; on entering

SINGULIER; PLURIEL

singular ; plural -

people were much busier; there are six people;; people themselves

my luggage is very heavy (bagages) ; my hair is grey (cheveux) ; my trousers is torn ; what is the news today (les nouvelles) ; the police are here ; it is twenty years since..

there were seagulls by the thousand swirling and shrieking (par milliers)



DES MOTS, par odre alphabétique

ALTHOUGH (bien que) -

Although we are the European centre for technologies (bien que nous soyons le centre Européen..) - unfortunately we only offer level one technical support (nous n'assurons malheureusement que le support technique).

ANY (er/ longer) plus tôt, plus lontemps

I couldn't get away any er (pas pu me libérer plus tôt) ; if we stay here anylonger, she will..

ANYMORE; NO MORE (n'a plus)

I haven't drunk anymore for a month ! ; she has got no more bread ; she hasn't got anymore bread ; there is no more appropriate.. (there isn't no more : NO !!) ; there isn't anymore (il n'y en a plus)

ANYTHING; ANYWHERE (n'importe quoi, n'importe où)

yes, for anything you want (for all the things: NO !!) ; I didn't hear anything; they haven't found anything either (n'ont rien trouvé non plus) ; I have never seen eyes anywhere like that; we haven't found anywhere to sleep

AT(à)

arrive at a small named place/ at a port/ at an airport/ at a lake ; BUT arrive in Paris, Skopje (a large named place)

look at television; look at something on TV ; is at war with (en guerre avec) ; is putting the peace at risk (met la paix en danger)

BE GIVEN ; BE DONE (se faire donner, à faire)

you should be given.. ; I was given a totally free hand ; ..are campaining for more money to given for..; finances has to be raised; select the date to be graphed (à traduire en graphique) ; those who don't.. will be given their money back ; there was much to be done in their time.. ..avait beaucoup à faire à cette époque ; the garden needs to be watered/cleaned (le jardin nécessite un arrosage/ a besoin d'être arrosé) ; these matters urgently needs to be looked into

BEFORE (avant) - WHEN (quand) - WHILE (pendant) - AS.. AS.. (dès que) ; as soon as possible (aussi tôt que possible) - AFTER (après)

+ gerundif/preterit or preterit/ preterit

it will have to double in prices before I think I am on the wrong way ; before getting dressed, Emily dried her hair ; after looking in the mirror, she got into the van ; Marry was cooking the lunch when the train stopped ; while Slick was driving off (partait - en conduisant), a customer wrote down the number ; before she left she checked the till ; before she takes off she'll check seat belts

when he collects luggage, he'll go through customs ; when the.. expire in 19.. the government will assume.. ; when I've finished, I'll; see what is..

after she serve lunch, she will collect lunch tray ; as as they call the flight, he will leave departure lounge

BEING ; IS BEING; ARE BEING (étant)  

..the rest of the people being either too old or too.. (étant ou trop vieux ou..)

the church is being repainted/ rebuilt ; schools are no longer being built with wood ; hotels arrangements are being handled through the.. ; the.. is currently being tested by users ; ..and picked up before being intercepted ; I enjoy the stakes being high in my life (stakes : enjeux) ; Susan admitted to being quite.. ; alternative medecine is now being used to treat.. ; ..was being chased by the local police (était poursuivi) ; .. resulted in the police being called ; something tells me we are being followed (nous sommes suivis) ; so, callers are now being answered quickly ; 

BOTH (les deux)

he has broken both his legs s'est cassé les deux jambes ; to hold with both hands ; both my wife and I are having.. ; both were empty ; she'is both pretty and clever ; both plays the piano and sing ; (BUT : both are pretty and sing NO !!);

BUT  (mais)

sens général de "mais" ; I agree, but.. (j'approuve, mais) ; sens de restriction : she grows nothing but flowers (elle ne cultive que des fleurs)

BY (par, près, à..)

he'll be here by any minut (sera là dans un instant) ; it must be done by the end of.. (d'ici la fin de) ; she began by studying verbs (began with : NO; !!) ; by any chance (par chance) ; cracked by hand (cassés à la main)

CAN; COULD (peut, sait (nager); pourrait)

theoritical possibility/ ability; COULD replaces CAN in the past

I can hold my breath for 3 mn with practise ; accidents can happen ; it can be warm in Ireland in May ; how many depliants can fit into a MINI ?

my granmother could be very funny at times ; can you do the rumba ? (can you do the = savez-vous = ability)

DISCUSS; TELL (dire) ;   INFORM

you discuss something with someone; we discussed the weather ; we discussed how we have enjoyed our.. ; you tell/ inform someone - (to someone NO !!) ; you speak to her

DO (insistance, et faire)

generally they do achieve, but we.. - they do prefer living here - do take a sit !

DO et MAKE (faire)
TO DO TO MAKE
   
shoping an appointment
work an offer
homework a suggestion
house work a decision
cleaning an attempt
washing up an effort
the dishes an excuse
gardening an excuse
military service a mistake
mathematics a noise, trouble
history a phonecall
literature (at school) a date
alterations a profit
something the bed
an interesting/ boring job excuses
you have got some explaining to do (explications à donner)  
  a speech
HAVE (avoir) ; PLAY (jouer)

they will know to make the robots work to..; they had a game (or played : they made NO !!); to play the fool (faire l'imbécile); you pay less and less attention (vous faites de moins en moins attention)

ENOUGH (assez)

1 / généralement devant un nom : there weren't enough crime prevention initiatives
2 / toujours derrière adjectifs et adverbes  : his voice wasn't loud enough ;
3 / autres cas, à la fin : thanks,  I've had enough

EVER, NEVER (toujours, jamais)

nowhere else have I ever seen; eyes like this (rencontré); I don't think they ever looked at anybody; I think they never..

EITHER.. OR; NEITHER.. NOR (ou,  ou - ni, ni)

either give me the money back or give me..; ..but either you've stopped smoking or you haven't which is it? ; they haven't found anything either (non plus) ; I can't, neither can John, nor can Mary (inversion après "not")

FOR (pour, pendant, parce que..)

for reasons of tact : being tactful; for a meal/ a walk/ a change/ a particular reason; friends for life

FROM(de :  provenance)

suffering from illness; he said they had kept food prices level..

GET (obtenir, procurer, entrer, se..)

procurer - buy 2 packs get 1 free (un paquet gratuit pour deux achetés) ; get the food/ car/ meal ready (prépare le..);

sens de "se" marier, s'habiller -before getting dressed, Emily dried.. ; to get dressed ; to get married (se marier) ; million people get injured each year (se blessent) ; to get used to (s'habituer)

sens de ("faire faire") - I must get this skirt shortened/ finished (il faut que je fasse raccourcir) ; ..to get him arrested (le faire arrêter) ; I am getting my hair cut tomorrow (je me fais couper les cheveux demain) ; it doesn't take to much to get you down (pour vous faire tomber) ; when I do get this trip sorted, (quand j'aurai réglé ce voyage)

à la place de be langage parlé ou familier) - millions people get injured each year in car accidents (sont blessés) ; my car get damaged and it is getting repaired (a été accidentée ; en cours de réparation) ;

HAVE  (avoir) sens de faire faire

to have + ...ed  - I'll have the car cleaned tomorrow (je ferai nettoyer la voiture demain) ; when living have your tickets checked (faites vérifier au départ) ; I have had my hair cut (je me suis fait couper les cheveux) ; I should have this letter typed ; we had our house built on the seaside (nous avons fait construire) ; he had the house redecorated; (someone else) ; he had had the stove removed ;

BUT !! he redecorated the house (he did it himself)

I want this job done immediately (je veux que ce travail soit fait)

ING (forme finissant par ant)

that + verb = gerundif (often with the same subject) - after verbs : avoid, consider, deny, enjoy, fancy, finish, imagine, mention, miss, pardon, practise, prevent, prohibit, recall, recollect, resent, resist, suggest, support

I deny saying anything so stupid ; I deny that I said anything so stupid; I mentioned hearing about the latest opinion poll ; I mentioned that I had heard about the latest opinion poll ; I recollect/ remember seeing him on TV ; I recollect/ remember that I had seen him on TV ; I suggest conducting an opinion poll ; I suggested that we should conduct a poll ; you might start thinking about shaping up a little (vous devriez commencer à faire un petit régime ou un peu d’exercice - textuel, prendre forme)

need.. ing ; the dog needs taking for a walk ; the house needs repainting ; this matter urgently needs looking into (studied) ; I dislike /can stand jogging ; have you finished packing yet ? would you mind (not) opening the window ? I'll risk/ can resist eating another cream cake

phrasal verbs - my daughter has recently given up eating meat and fish ; she is up to taking the exam; they asked them to cut down smoking

prepositions, conjonctions; also,  after,  when, because, of,  besides, while, without, admit, talk about, refrain.. -

by making a continual protest they.. ; through watching TV, they know.. ; I look forward to hearing the discuss ; close to having a breakdown ; ..and picked up before being intercepted it appears that he delay in asking to join.. ; that meant changing school often, leaving Miami.. ; he succeded in passing the exam

general statement - I ceased arguing years ago ; I dread thinking about such matters; debating is worthwile ; reading humorous books is enjoyable ;

pluriel - they studied the findings passé - I regret/ forget/ don't remember saying that.. ; I remembered having a picnic here some.. ; having worked for years running her own business, selling fish.. ;

verbes de perception - we saw a group of people climbing the hill

since I have stopped drinking coffee, my.. ; your tooth will stop hurting if you take an aspirin ; ..to prevent them having to run back to the.. ; they make us pay to visit a place they haven't finished building

we do need far more women coming into politics ; so, I tried excluding various foods


do you like playing cards/ tennis? ; do you like sailing (voile ou naviguer)/ skiing/ swimming? (aimez vous jouer au.., faire du, de la..) ; I missed being a girl guide (j'ai failli être)

IN - INSIDE, INTO

in holidays ; in a country ; in Paris, in a large named place ; aussi : he succeded in passing the exam ; the equipment you are interested in (qui vous intéresse)  : BUT !! : he is inside/ outside  the room/ house, gate (d'un côté d'une limite : sidewalk = trottoir, du côté où l'on marche)to put into a box, get into a room, a car ; aussi : to break into pieces (en plusieurs morceaux)

LESS; FEWER; (voir MUCH; MORE)

LIKE; AS

the bridge was shaped like a bow (avait la forme d'un arc..) ; a TV-like remote control (comme une télécommande TV; ressemblant à) ; she is like you would call a housewife (elle est ce que l'on appellerait une femme d'intérieur) ; do as they do (fais comme ils font)

LOOK FOR; (voir search, seek)

MAKE (voir Do)

Make the man a knock (donne un coup à l'homme) ; Bud makes the woman a drink (ici, Bud prépare une boisson pour la femme)

MANY.. MUCH   (beaucoup)

objets dénombrables - avec many -   ..hashalf many legs as.. (deux fois moins de pattes que) ; twice as many as.. (deux fois plus nombreux que) ; were there many/ a lot/ of them ? ;  yes, they were a good/ great many people (or of them) = a great deal of (étaient-ils nombreux, beaucoup ? oui, il y avait beaucoup de gens/ monde) ; too many of us think.. (trop d'entre nous) ; there are many envelops in the drawer (il y a beaucoup d'enveloppes..); many years, many times; (beaucoup d'années, beaucoup de fois ou bien des fois) ; many clouds (beaucoup de/nombreux nuages) ; as many shoes as you (autant de chaussures que toi)
choses qu'on ne peut dénombrer (compter) : avec much - twice as much heart (deux fois plus de coeur)ten times as much as required (dix fois plus que demandé) ; I didn't like the play very much (la pièce ne m'a pas beaucoup plu) ; as much as possible, as much as you can ; much money, not very much time ; I don't think much of that film (ne vaut pas grand chose) ; it wasn'tmuch of an evening (soirée pas très réussie)

voir aussi "appréciations, comparaisons" ex : students are five times as likely to be.. (cinq fois plus de chance) ;

MORE.. LESS (FEWER) ..than ; MUCH MORE (plus, moins, beaucoup plus..)

isn't more fun than (pas plus amusant que) ; she looks more like Buck from the.. (ressemble plus à..) ; it is sensible to plan to drive no more than about 150 miles a day (pas plus de..) ; .. a density of more than ; a more comprehensive range than ever before (la plus large gamme/ La gamme la plus complète que jamais) ; there is no more appropriate place for.. (il n'y a pas de place plus convenable) ;

about half the more than 3,500 cars ; there are two times more single men than.. (deux fois plus d'hommes seuls que..) it is a great deal more than.. (beaucoup plus que..) ; it's far more diverse than.. (de loin le plus varié/ diversifié..) ; much more exciting than we expected ; much better than last year ; how much worse the recriminations will get depends on wether anything more emerges about L'aggravation des récriminations dépendra de ce qui peut se produire ; a better carreer (meilleure carrière)

it's far less expensive than.. (de loin le moins coûteux que..) ; much less expensively than (bien moins cher/coûteux) ; I am less concerned about the.. than I am about.. ; they offer fewer attractions ;

OF (de)

what do you think of the film ; I was thinking of going to Paris (planning, considering) ; he was accused of lying (lying = mensonge : mentir = to lie) ; (for lying : NO !!) ; didn't use to think much of = didn't have a good opinion of ;

ON (sur)

look at something on television/ watch something on the radio/ on the news ;
listen/ hear/ see something on the TV/ on the radio/ news..
depending on : relied on help/ advice/ support) ; she concentrated on learning ; every thing depends on you ; on principal : because of principle ; on an island, on a plane, train.. ;
he is on the way home (to home NO !!) ; on the road, (travelling)
..by those on the regime of auto-entrepreneur

REMOTE (éloigné)

he hasn't a remote chance (la moindre chance; "remote" = éloigné) ;

SEEK; SEARCH (chercher, rechercher)

to search a thing, a person, an information (rechercher = to look for) ; to seek a solution, honour ; writer seeks companion ; a magazine which seeks to expose people lives

SINCE (depuis)

it was 17 days since he had last locked the door (cela faisait 17 jours qu'il avait fermé la porte); since the invention of

SHIP (sens de groupe, ensemble, collectif)

leadership ; authorship; the UTU membership stucture and functions ; workship ; mothership ; craftmanship (technique de fabrication) ; relationship

SHOULD YOU DECIDE (si vous décidez ; si vous deviez décider ?)

should you decide not to continue your.., simply return.. ; my only obligation is to return the volumes at my expense, should I decide not to continue the subscription ; should you require more information, call SW ; should you wish to receive a brochure on any of the.. please call us ; should any of the information you required not be available, (si l'une des informations que vous avez demandées n'est pas disponible) we will forward your request to.. (nous ferons suivre votre demande..) ; the organisers are under no obligation to refund the deposit, should an exhibitor fail to pay the sum owed
request should be accompanied by a cheque

STILL (encore, sens de toujours) ; YET (encore, sens de déjà)

no, we are still too far from.. ; I still have the car you know (j'ai toujours) ; the men still haven't been caught ;
we haven't seen our new neighbours yet ; (pas encore vu nos..) ; ..yet remains tinged with a.. (= but); I am not done yet, I am still improving ; has the postman been yet ? (est-il déjà passé)

is to be done (doit être fait) ; take the things to be given/ be done (à donner, à faire) ; the.. is to be removed (doit être enlevé) ; it is to be hopped that.. (il est à espérer) ; rules changed are to be considered.. (doivent être) ; if Ch. is to be another of your lovers.. (doit être) ; choose whatever is to be removed / deleted

THAN (que, comparatif)

have more than six drinks

THAT (ce, celui, si, que)

All that's great (c'est parfait), but what does that make you think the victim could be.. ; ..and Irish women are not that far behind (ne sont pas si loin derrière) ; and when you are that close, it does not matter ; I am not that naive now ; he wasn't that gifted a photographer ; his composition was never that great ; if the trouble was that serious (si les difficultés/ennuis étaient aussi graves)

TO (à, vers, infinitif)

listen to something ; we left all that to the girls ; leave some money to someone (leave someone's some money) ; I came to London (in London : NO !!) ; I'll thank you to keep quiet ; where does Sharon fly to ? he asked her to write ; they advise him to leave ; he taught her to drive ; we were six of us to diner (au dîner) ;

suppression de TO, ABOUT (left out)

bad correct
she said to him she told (to) him that
he taught English to her he taught her English
he gave the money to her he gave her the money
she provided them a home she provided a home for them
  she provided them with a home


IS TO BE done/ not to be missed.. (à faire/ ne pas manquer)

to be donne (à faire) ; a date not to be missed (à ne pas manquer) ; to be done in class or at home (à faire) ; the finances has to be raised internationaly les fonds doivent être levés au niveau international ; ..campaining for money to be given for.. ; (pour que de l'argent soit donné) ; parking fees to be paid for through automatics dispensers ; a watch to be worn with.. (wear/worn : porter/porté(e) (usure/usé(e)) ; the first hotel to be built in.. (à construire) ; ..book to be published.. (qui paraîtra : à paraître)

is to be done (doit être fait) ; take the things to be given/ be done (à donner, à faire) ; the.. is to be removed (doit être enlevé) ; it is to be hopped that.. (il est à espérer) ; rules changed are to be considered.. (doivent être) ; if Ch. is to be another of your lovers.. (doit être) ; choose whatever is to be removed/ deleted

UNLESS (à moins que, sauf)

..a policy not accepting unless they aresubmitted.. ; children under 13 are not accepted unless they are accompanied by elderly.. ; unless you renew the battery, the watch won't work

WANT ME (veut que je)

want (like) someone to do something ; (want that : NO !! )
she want us to go to.. (elle veut que l'on aille - nous allons - à..) ; I want you to read/ to listen/ to prove what you.. ; would you like me to ring her now ? would you like me to walk the dog ? (voudriez vous - aimeriez vous - que je sorte le chien ?) ; I'd like you to help if you can ; I'd like you to meet to Rita ; (j'aimerais vous présenter à..) I wanted to buy my friend a plant for her birthday, but I wanted her to choose for herself (je voulais qu'elle choisisse par elle-même) ; do you want me to cook the dinner ; do you want me to ask him ? I want you to wear this; you don't want me to wear this

WHEN (quand); (voir BEFORE)

when we have completed our review we will advise you of the outcome (quand nous aurons achevé.. nous vous informerons); when we got divorced, I kept the house; (voir aussi LES TEMPS) ; when will the recession end ? (au lieu de) "when the recession will end" - when did the meeting..

WETHER (que ce soit)

wether it's in catering or business (que ce soit dans la restauration ou les affaires..) ; ..have lost their faith in a better future wether it is on social economic or political level (que ce soit pour .. ou)

WHICH; WHO/whom (qui/ (de) qui) ; WHOSE (dont, lequel)

that which : (celui qui) ; he who asked for me : (celui que) ; she whom I had met on the train : (celle que)
the man whom I spoke to : (à qui) ; Alvin Toffler whose book "the.." introduce.. : (dont) ; whose keys ? Elisabeth's keys ;
the person we were talking about (et non whose..)
formal written style : to whom we owe this = who I owe to
the wife; for (with) whom he wrote these books ..
five million people of whom the vast majority are illeterate (of whom : dont) ; do you know of whom I speak ? (savez vous de qui je parle)
relatives : which/ that ; a farm animal which/ that will eat anything ; an animal which/ thatcan run very fast ;

WILL

when will the recession end ? au lieu de "when the recession will end"

WHILE ; (voir BEFORE)

WITH (avec)

dizzy with sleeplessness (d'insomnie) ; when I was faced with a vey stressful event.. (confronté)

WORTH worthy ; worthwile ; worthless

to be worth (valoir) ; to be worthwile (valoir la peine) ; worthwile (qui vaut la peine, valable) ; it's worthwile visiting the wonders of the ancien Egypt ; ..collections which are wellworth a visit (qui méritent) ; their licences are worth paying for ; it's not worthwile ; worthless (non valable)

YET (déjà, encore)

has she arrived yet/ finished yet ? (est-elle déjà arrivée/ a-t-elle déjà fini)  voir aussi au début "questions" et "still" (encore, au sens de toujours)


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